F. Augelli IL LEGNO: ARTE NELLA QUALE FA BISOGNO HAVERE DI MOLTE
CONSIDERAZIONI. PRECETTI DI
LEONARDO FIORAVANTI NELLO SPECCHIO DI SCIENTIA UNIVERSALE
(1564) Leonardo Fioravanti
(Bologna KEY-WORD:
treatise, wood, XVI century, joiner, carpenter, crafting, crafts,
encyclopedia. |
P. Gelfi, I. Gius I solai a This paper deals with historical short-beam
timber floors. As testified by many written sources,
especially by architectural treaties, those structures were often used in the
past because of the shortage of woods long and strong enough for huge
carpentry works. This study is particularly concerned with
floors sustained by four short beams, well known in France since the medieval
age and brought to large spread by Serlio’s architectural treaty
before the half of the XVI century. Though they were
probably used until the first XX century, no material evidence of those
floors seems to be left or acknowledged nowadays. Its
highly interesting technical solution is deepened as well, investigating its
structural behavior and the statics of its suspended junctions. KEY-WORDS: Timber floor; “Serlio’s” timber
floor; four beams floor; short-beam timber floor. |
M. Forni Un manuale alle soglie della moderni The authors make available to architects,
engineers and craftsmen a compilation of carpentry works illustrated with
many engraved plates containing details of assemblages. The main
sources for this plates are J.K.Krafft’s and J.B. Rondelet’s very expensive
editions as well as unedited or less known drawings which also give an
account of local architects’ projects showing the in
building mastery of Carlo Amati, Luigi Cagnola, Luigi Bovara and Felice Pizzagalli itself. KEY-WORDS
books, building practice, carpentry,19th century. |
R. Bugini, M. Caroselli Delle differen The use of timber in architecture was
widespread starting from the earliest times and it is reported by a great
number of authors. The architecture treatises are the
counterpart of the scientific investigation on buildings, but the comparison
between the hard facts and the treatise rules must consider the
replacement of decayed timbers. Different italian treatises were examined
from 15th to early 19th century: Alberti, Palladio, Serlio, Scamozzi, Branca,
Milizia e Rondelet (italian translation). The translation
of Vitruvius’ De Architectura were also considered for the same period.
The trees cited in the treatises, starting from the group
of 18 trees reported by Vitruvius, were listed together with some directions
about their use in architecture. The sources, a part from the Vitruvius’ book, were the Greek Authors on botany, as
Theophrastus or the Latin Authors on agriculture and the Pliny’s Naturalis
Historia. Key-words:
tree, wood, timber, architecture treatise, Vitruvius |
P. Bensi, M. Casaburo, D. De Rosa Gli aspe The contribution draws the attention to the
serious conservative problems of wooden ceilings of the XVI-XVII century
churches in Campania. These ceilings are engraved and
painted, and include panels and paintings. They have been
damaged by dampness, insects, earthquakes, wars and improper restorations.
Three churches in Neaples have been chosen; their artistic and conservative
history will be outlined KEY-WORDS:
Naples, history of restoration, wooden ceilings |
A. Boa Te It is possible to delineate
which kind of wooden structures were made in ancient buildings in Genoa by
the means of studies on written sources and material objects. Many of these structures has been hidden for centuries by
false-ceilings, and has been discovered in recent times. This is one of reasons why these structures are not well known.
The way we choose to present the results of the research is
in form of a glossary made from words collected in documents. KEY-WORD:
Roofs, ceilings, wooden structures, written sources. |
M. Li Cas Le s The Palatina Chapel into the Royal Palace of
Palermo is one of the more known medieval monument; built between the years
1130 and 1163, besides its mosaic decoration has a muqarnas wooden ceiling
that summarizes the symbiosis between the Arab and Norman culture. The
restoration of complex allows to investigate the
materials and the constructive techniques of ancient structures, also
documenting the state of conservation, the interventions and modifications
during the time. The
study analyses the geometric and volumetric characters and the constructive
systems of wooden ceiling and wooden or iron structures connected to it, the
degradations and failures and the interventions effected for limit damages
related to deformation or water infiltration: we examine the restorations of
XIX century and the actual intervention that consolidate
the monument and contribute to rediscover the marvellous constructive
workmanship, and also the more known decorative richness. KEY-WORDS:
Palatina Chapel, Palermo, wooden ceiling, muqarnas |
D.Pi S the substitution of small and big parts o wood
structures is a common practice easily adopted nowadays as it was in the
past. Wooden elements are usually subsidiary and
secondary parts of architectures, organized in serial repetitions of elements. This situation
allows for such replacements. The need rises for a global
comprehension of wooden structures and their history, with phases assessment
and dates characterization. What tools do we have? Which are the
limits of these tools? Which are the problems while studying a loft, a
covering layer, flooring or an inlaid unit? while
intervening on richly painted wooden ceilings? Important to
notice, there are two types of layering in structures: a structure layering
and a coating layering superimposed on the structure itself. A recent
case of this second layering practice puts some more questions: Carlo Scarpa
in villa Palazzetto railing (Monselice, PD, Italy) chose an untreated wood
material that would migrate over time from an
original brown colour to silver, due to material aging process. How many
times are we able to control this factor? Can we
understand when the natural colour change of a wooden artefact was “by-design”?
This is even more interesting on highly figurative
art works. This is the case of wood multi-essence marquetry
, like in the Savona’s Duomo choir. This paper
through a set of examples contains reflections on previous questions. Key
words: wood roof, beam manufacture, stratigraphic sequence, units or
archaeological stratifications |
M. Aresi Incavalla the article examines the traditionally
constructional system used to realized the cover wood structures and the
stone roofings of Val Taleggio’s rural minor constructions. To study in depth their structural behaviour and the real pattern
of loads, can be a first step to guarantee the conservation and a conscious
transformation of this particoular cultural heritage. At
the end, the contribution provides some proposals for the preservation of the
considered constructional system. KEY-WORDS:
rural minor construction, wooden truss, knowledge, empirical method, compatible
interventions. |
T. Basiricò, A. Co Le coper The paper analyzes the
wooden structures used in the coverages of the rural suburbs constructed in
Sicily between the ‘20es and the ‘40es. The Sicilian
suburbs, similar in urban plant, differ in the used constructive techniques
and particularly in the use of wood in horizontal structures and
coverages. The paper compares the constructive
practice of wooden coverages of suburbs buildings with the techniques of the
local constructive tradition. The study besides the
retrieval of unpublished sources and the geometric and material relief,
deepens the maintenance aspects of wooden elements in state of
advanced decay. KEY-WORD:
structure, coverage, wood, rehabilitation |
C. Benocci Dalla decorazione all’uso funzionale: il legno nella Villa Doria
Pamphilj a Roma nel Se In
the Villa Doria Pamphilj at Rome the use of wood in the XVIIIth century is
very important.. In the building called Villa
Vecchia a ceiling of wood decorated “a guazzo” and with colours “a sughi
d’erba”, by vegetable subjects, bears witness to the renewal of the building
inspired at Illuminism theories, like the elegant doors of wood with mirrors.
The restorations of 1986 and 1997-99 recovered the original arrangement, in
harmony with
the stuccos “color di perla”. In the XIXth century the wood
was used for boiseries covering technological plants for heating the
monumental greenhouses. In the recent restoration,
the new plants necessary for museal destination of greenhouses needed higher
boiseries. The few rests of ancient boiseries were
studied and maden in similar design but higher, for the new use. KEY-WORD: Ceiling painted “a guazzo” and “a
sughi d’erba”, boiseries, greenhouses, doors with mirrors, Villa Doria
Pamphilj at Rome |
P. Bernardi, A. Boa S The paper concerns a seemingly minor detail
of the horizontal timber structures visible from below, the “coprigiunto”. In
the form of planking, board or thin moulding, the “coprigiunto” is actually
the element that most characterizes these structures, having both a
technical and decorative function. Not only. The methods the
“coprigiunto” is manufactured and set varies according to the regions and
give rise to very different constructive solutions. Therefore, the study of the detail is
fundamental to understand the whole and it is a means to highlight the
regional and sub-regional differences, those diachronic or synchronic ones,
which make the ancient constructive artefacts unique. It
also provides an essential knowledge for the interventions, during which the
importance of the detail cannot and must not be ignored. KEY-WORD:
“coprigiunto”, carpentry, ceiling, decoration,
Mediterranean basin, history, lexicon |
S. Carillo, A.Decri Gli an The
study of a singular wooden artefact placed inside
the Archiepiscopal palace in Capua, in one of the most layered place of this
prestigious and not so much studied ecclesiastical residence, led to play
historical and methodological considerations on existence of substantial
material evidence qualifying the idea of housing in the construction culture
context of Campania. Due to historical and formal references, this
experience also documents many similarities with residential cases that, in the
Medieval and modern
period, have concerned the construction making of Amalfi for the unique
circumstances in which many vaulted roof places, through the centuries, were
subsequently modernised and adapted to new requirements with the construction
of false ceilings, that the local technical culture calls
"intempiature". KEY-WORD
False ceilings, extrados-vaulted roof house,
Medieval architecture, Renaissance architecture. |
G. Cos La carpen Hidden parts of ancient wooden structures
usually reveal poor technologies and lack of maintenance. As
known, old wooden elements are often replaced with “modern” materials, even
in construction of high value. In other cases, it is
yet possible to observe original conformation, despite inevitable
interventions of consolidation. The sixteenth century covering pyramid of
Porta Nuova was reconstructed after an explosion, together with a substantial
part of whole building. It presents a little tampered
carpentry, which is of big interest, as evidence of good technical culture of
the period. The essay analyzes whole constructive
system, with regards to single wooden elements, iron parts, connections
between beams, but also with the masonry. It also
identifies past interventions, and analyzes actual and ancient degradations
and damages. Direct inspections and archival
documents are needful to this study, together with treatises about wooden
structures and pyramid covering system. KEY-WORD:
pyramid, wood, carpentry, Palermo, Porta Nuova. |
A. Co Il recupero delle s The paper illustrates the measures carried
out in 1990 during the restoration of the western portico of the Monreale
Cathedral.
The focus is on the structural configuration
of the wooden roofing, whose deterioration, due to the presence of termite
colonies, had required its replacement in consideration of the historic site.
The solution adopted with wooden girder on stainless steel
supports and metallic tie-rods has respected the previous structural scheme
and induced a static improvement of the whole structure. KEY-WORD:
rehabilitation, structure, roofing, wood, tie-rods, Monreale |
S. Dandria Una Historically double framework wooden floors
have covered broad/wide rooms or loggias; frequently to reach considerable
length the principal beams were made up of more wooden elements assembled
together. This tecnology spread over a large area in northern Italy between
XV and XVI centuries, and there are a lot of examples expecially in Trento,Verona, Mantova and Ferrara, that were cities linked by
the same commercial area of timber. In
contrast to Ferrara's composite beams, which have already been fully studied,
in Verona we find older cases in XIV century buildings that prove this carpentry was
optimized in later medieval times in important government buildings or mansions,
and was then used throughout Reinassance. KEY-WORDS:
carpentry, composite beam, wooden floor, Verona |
M.Angeli, M. Blonda, P. Dellavedova,
M.L.Laddago, M. Pole Un nuovo approccio per lo s The project aims to develop the restoration
of an early 1900s wooden Pavilion within a Sanatorium in Legnano. This building,
relevant for its original typology and technology, is nowadays in a dreadful status due to increasing situation of
abandon. Study approaches to the sites involved traditional surveys and
investigation methods to estimate degradation
levels, linked with a 3D model detail drawings to map technical heritage. The
restoration project for a multifunctional pavilion tries to hand down
material physical aspects, but also typical elements of traditional
techniques, substituting all those pattern-type elements with similar ones to
replicate simplifying the native forma, using the
same materia as the original one. KEY-WORD:
Restoration, Degradation, Sanatorium, Wood, Traditional technology |
I. Bergamasco, M. Bernabei , N. Macchioni L’inquadramen During KEY-WORDS:
San Barbaziano church, trusses, dendrochronology, diagnosis. |
M. Ma Il sis The maintenance and the preservation of the
wooden structures, that characterize a remarkable part of the historical
building patrimony, asks for a suitable knowledge both of the
material on which we intend "to set hand", both of the constructive
techniques with which it has been realizad. The
understanding of the structural conception, of the characteristics and of the
constructive specificities is essential to proceed, in correct way, to
the safeguard of this aesthetical/cultural patrimony of knowledges and values
that, unfortunately, in some cases has irremediably gone lost. The
present contribution intends to analyze some examples of wooden structures
realized adopting the system conceived by Philibert de l’Orme
in 1561. The three cases examined, even making all reference to the Nouvelles
Inventions pour bien bâtir à petits frais, decline in different way the
constructive system proposed by de l’Orme. KEY-WORD:
restoration, reinterpretation, critical analysis, complexity. |
C. Pas Il soffi This article deals with the use of wood as a
building material of remarkable importance in the historical centre of Genoa. The
wooden floor doesn’t only have a structural function, but also a decorative
and artistic one. These formal pecularities
characterize the historical building and determine its preserving criteria.
The ceiling we are talking about was distempered, probably at
the beginning of the fifteenth century, drawing on a decorative inventory of
medieval tradition, then it underwent a later partial reconstruction always
with tempera, dating between the end of the fifteenth century and the
beginning of the sixteenth century. The restoration and all
analytical checks that will be described further on, allowed to identify the
two present periods, as far as their characteristics and their
constituent materials were concerned. Such an example,
connected with other similar cases, provides a wider knowledge of historical
construction techniques. Key word: Genoa, medieval painting, wood,
Regolo di Convento, Piazzetta dei Greci, restauration. |
M. R. Vi Henri Deneux e le charpen In
1927 Henri Deneux published a research on L’évolution des charpentes du XIe au XVIIIe siècle, whose aim was to fill a serious gap
in the historic architecture studies focused only on masonry construction. The data that Deneux collected year by year (about 500 roofs in
the north of France, brought together only in part in his essay of 1927) are
mostly unpublished up to now and nowadays they represent the unique valuable
evidence of constructions destroyed during the World War I bombing raids. The knowledge developed through his surveys was at the root of
Deneux’s reconstruction projects suggested for the monuments in Reims where the
study of historic technologies combined with the use of more modern
techniques. A lesson which merges together history,
knowledge and project in an inseparable way. KEY-WORD:
Deneux, charpente, survey, knowledge, restoration |
E. Zullo Uso e manu The traditional building trade in Molise uses
wood elements as reinforcement for stonework in foundation and inserted
between blocks.
The use of wood for attic is ascertained in important
examples but in simple buildings, too. In these cases there are sticks
on the beams. It is used for roofs, fixtures,
partition walls and as support for finishing touch as false vaults KEY-WORD:
reinforcement, attic, roof, fixtures, partition walls, false vaults |
M.G. Vinardi Le cen : The essay investigates the wooden ribs
supporting spires and onion-like roofing of bell-towers, since they are
structurally complex and difficultly reachable and checkable because of their
location. These structures testify, for their consistency
and skill, high technical abilities and a compactness that has ensured their
durability over time beyond what might be expected. Their lightness, their shape and their
traditions have defined architectures of strong environmental connotation and
a type that characterizes their time. This work intends to value some issues of
conservation through some exemplary studies and through the settlement of
this typology in the territory around Novara and Turin. KEY-WORDS:
Wooden ribs, spires, bell-towers |
L. Balboni, P. Corradini Vol the research moves from the careful
investigation of a specific application of plaster and reeds vaults, the wide
vaulted complex which covers the rooms in the piano nobile in Rocca Rangoni
in Spilamberto, built around the 1660. The investigation, also connected to
the geometry of the rooms as well as to the periods they date
back to, tries to examinate closely the ways of construction and the reasons
of this technique, pointing out its possibilities and limits also linked to
the conservation topics. Looking for comparisons, the study
has been spread to contruction treatises and to other examples in the
territory of Modena between the 17th and the 18th c., and offers some
topics for a wider research about peculiar applications in this area of this
widespread technique. KEY-WORD:
“plaster and reeds” vault, wooden centring, Modena,
Rocca Rangoni. |
K. Ambrogio, A. Confor I “parape By the term "garden" is meant a
highly-specialized productive place, which developed into an architectural
structure that is particularly meaningful within the rural context of Marche
region. With the evaluation of the existing gardens
and their comparison with the archive documentation and the other Italian gardens,
the study highlighted
and reconstructed the typologies and functions of the various architectural
elements which characterize these walled-in gardens. Among
the characterizing elements, the temporary structures (called parapetti,
parapets, by the local inhabitants), which were used to protect
citruses in winter, are particularly worth noticing. Given
the short-term durability of wood structures when used outdoors, a complete
instance of these parapets is not available. However,
with the evaluation of the wall junctions, i.e. the intersection between the
wall and the wood structure, and the survey of the remains pertaining
to a peculiar urban orangery, it has been possible to reconstruct the
structure and the methods of assembly. This essay contains a
summary regarding the use of wood in these structures (reconstruction
schemes, surveys and pictures of the best-preserved instance) and an
in-depth analysis of the related conservation issues, aimed to a proper
reintegration of the deteriorated elements within the overall restoration of
the citrus gardens. KEY-WORD:
citrus gardens, greenhouse, terracing, landscape conservation, Adriatic
coast, Marca fermana |
P. Copani, D.Sparacino Il The
wooden floors and roofs in Sicily, built from XII to XVIII century, seem to
be unique and derived from a peculiar model, used in Sicily after the Normans’ conquest. During XIV-XVI
centuries, the way of building roofs in Sicily seems to become a phenomenon;
we can find the same features in lots of wooden structures spread all
over the island, from both structural and decorative point of view. In some
cases all the surfaces of the wooden members are
covered by paintings; in some others the decoration in focused on the carved
ancones. Two of these roofs, both sited in the main church
in Taormina, were recently restored; the two different restorations were
directed to the conservation of the most part of the original members,
using also steel slabs and FRP stripes in order to connect the ancient wooden
parts to the added new ones. KEY-WORD:
Sicily, restoration, wooden structures, Taormina |
N.La Rosa, G. M. Ven I soffi Wooden ceilings characterize many baroque
churches in Sicily and they have a particular meaning in the spatial
conception of the architecture because of the false dome prospective painted
on. For such a reason they are able to dominate the baroque architectural
spatiality being a planar surface. Often forgotten and
difficult to reach, the wooden painted ceilings represent an meaningful
testimony of history and art but they are know asking for a
conservation and maintenance attitude to start. The essay
explain a method to design a conservation project without scaffolding and
presents the software processing phases to develop in order to point
out the degradation conditions through thermography and other diagnostic
tools. KEY-WORD:
wooden painted ceiling, truss, thermography, resistograph drill, conservation
project |
G. Ba Il soffi The following article discusses the
restauration of the wooden ceiling of Santa Maria delle Stelle church in
Comiso, Sicily, carried out in 2005. The ceiling partially collapsed in a lightning storm in 1994. The slats have been strengthened and
restored to their original setting
with a new and safer system of suspension. KEYWORD:
restauration, wooden ceiling, Santa Maria delle Stelle church. |
N. Lombardini, P.Focaccia Le s The present study of the behavior of the
wooden structures of the dome roof of the basilica of St. Vitale in Ravenna,
wants to analyze a structure, not so well known differently from other
structures of this byzantine monument built in the VIth
Cent.. This necessity requires a very deep knowledge to guarantee, in case of
interventions on structures, their conservation and their load bearing capacity.
For all these structures, it is necessary to investigate each element, and the weakness and the strength inherent the structural
design. The comparative study of classical empirical
models, adopted for the design of timber structures in the first half of
Nineteenth Century, is useful for the actual interpretation of the
behaviour of structures to be repaired and/or structures whose carrying
capacity has to be quantified in view of modern design methodologies. KEY-WORD:
cultural heritage, conservation, timber structures,
ultimate limit state, historical design. |
P. Pe Il soffi The rebuilding of Nola’s cathedral, that was
destroyed by an arson fire in the 1861, represents, for the period of its
rebuilding, one of the most important intervention on religious background
after the unity of Italy. In
the ambit of the whole event of the rebuilding, this
study wants to illustrate the distinctive character that the splendid
realization of the wooden caisson, truss and cloth for the greatest nave of
Episcopal chair of Bruno’s city puts on. The event changes many research works, also
in relation to the technical ability of the local building industry. The
intricate equipment has employed a self-sufficient structure that is
independent from the cover truss. All of the building and realization side is
important, in particular way for the problems that are connected with the
inside microclimate, with the executive technique of the papier-màché and with
the methodical of preservation. KEY-WORD:
Caisson, truss, papier-màché, ornaments, carving, girder ligneous. |
P. Dellavedova, C. Dusi, M. Fasser,
A Pianazza I sis Too often roofing of historic buildings is
understood as a sacrificial element: the common way to operate
on covering systems of historical constructions does not preview neither
valorization, neither conservation, but partial or total substitution for
insufficient acquaintance on the argument. The research
wants therefore to deepen the knowledge of constructive practice in modern age,
recurrent typologies and particulars or anomalous ones, especially
studying historic building site. The historical carpentry for centuries based
oneself upon a patrimony of empirical knowledge transmitted orally; in a vision of historical roofing as results of empirical
knowledge, that slip and doesn’t follow codes and written rules, the analysis
of concrete and local studies has a fundamental importance for an
acknowledgment like evidencies of
technological culture that cannot be confined in the past, but
introduces resources and valences in the present context. KEY-WORDS:
Roofings, wooden structures, historical restoration yard,
building maintenance. |
V. Proie La documen The
restoration of wooden materials can be made using different techniques linked
to: the conditions of the material, the technique of construction, the
architectural features of the monument they are connected to. A
particular case is represented by the Moresque greenhouse, by the minarete
tower,by the ruins of the artificial cave where the restoration has been made after
seventy years of abandonment and after the “mummification” of the wooden
parts :in fact they still have their forms but they have lost their
substance. The restoration has been made recovering the structural technique,
keeping the ironmongery
and replacing the wood. KEY
WORD. Moresque style, Villa Torlonia, Moorish
greenhouse, Moresque tower, artificial cave, building technique, work of carpentry,
Giuseppe Jappelli |
J. Badalini, S.Barbò, D. Del Cur La prova resis the resistograph drilling test is a quiet
non-destructive evaluation method for the in situ analysis and the diagnosis
of wooden structures. This paper presents the results of
several applications on wooden structures in historical contexts where its
features of non-destructivity are very useful. Nowadays
the employment of the resistograph is recommended during the inspection of
wooden roof and floor structures, beside the direct visual inspection
and the employment of other simple evaluation methods to survey the general
conditions of decay. After
a brief bibliographical digression, we discuss the results obtained in a couple of in situ campaigns in the North of Italy, at
the Palazzo del Podestà (Mantova) and Rocca Rangoni of Spilamberto (Mo), and
during a wider-scale application of the resistograph method in the South of
Italy, at Borgo Laino Castello (Cs). The results suggest a few possible
improvements of survey procedures and the resistograph itself and claim the
necessity of an international survey protocol. KEY-WORD:
resistograph,wooden structures,non-destructive, inspection |
C. Ber The The paper illustrates a multidisciplinary
activity involving architects, civil engineers, architecture historians, wood
technologists, dendrochronologists to determine the structural behaviour of
an extraordinary timber roof structure: the roof of the church of Hagia
Paraskevi in Chalkida (Greece). The activity that has been carried out at
international level for the specific characteristics of the structure recalls
in its forms, materials, decorations, the Venetian typology. The
work carried out is focused mainly on the diagnosis and assessment of the components and connections of the timber structures. In
particular, the paper describes: the history of the building; the typology
and the constructional analysis of the timber structure; the visual
inspection on the wooden components and joints for
the estimation of the class of resistance; the punctual instrumental
diagnosis; the definition of thematic mapping of the decays. The paper concludes with an overall assessment and estimation of
the structural efficiency of the elements and connections of the roof timber
structure. KEY-WORDS:
timber roof, cultural heritage, structural
behaviour, diagnosis, multidisciplinary approach |
R. Corrao, A. Failla, M. Lucen Indagine sperimen The paper reports the results of the research
activity aimed to define the physical-mechanics characteristics of structural
elements made of
wood-steel, and/or wood-steel-concrete, jointed by steel connectors. The elements used for the tests are: glulam beams with two
different dimensions (110x240x4000 mms and 110x140x4000 mms); steel flats
100x6x4000 mms with holes 20 mms arranged like
"quinconce"; steel connectors like: flat with 6 mms thickness;
18; angular; polymeric synthetic binder with epoxy base bicomponent (Xepox
40.3/5). Shear tests have been made to define the capacity for deformation
and the resistance of the different steel connectors. Moreover, bending tests have been made with the aim to verify the
effectiveness of the structural collaboration among wood-steel beam and concrete
slab. The paper shows the different tests cycles and gives
useful information about the possibility to use the tested structural systems
not only for building new wood-steel-concrete floors but also for the
recovery of existing solid wood floors.
KEY-WORD:
steel connector, composite floor, glulam beam, solid
wood floor |
V. Dal Piaz, A. Guarnieri, N. Milan,
A. Ve Tecniche di misura in The chance provided by terrestrial laser
scanners (TLS) to achieve, in short time, very dense, accurate and detailed
3D data drew in recent years the interest of surveyors, engineers,
architects and archaeologists towards the laser scanning technique as an
invaluable surveying mean for 3D modeling of sites and artifacts of cultural
heritage. Despite several applications have been so far developed in this
field, the use of TLS systems for stability control
has been not yet well addressed. In the view of insight
investigation on this topic, a research project was established in order to
evaluate the use of multiple surveying techniques for the stability
control of a complex historical structure. To this aim,
terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), total station (TS), deflectometers,
photogrammetry and termography have being employed to perform a set of
surveys of the Anatomy Theatre of the University of Padua, one of the oldest,
most important and best-known historical “medical” buildings. The main goal of this work is to verify, through repeated
surveys, the stability over the time of this kind of structure, given the
inherent organic decay of the wooden parts. KEY-WORDS.
Terrestrial Laser Scanning, 3D modeling, Cultural Heritage, FEM analysis, Stability Control. |
N. Macchioni, M. Mannucci, O. Pigna La coper The
roof structure of the so called “Dogana Veneta” in
Lazise (Verona – Italy) is an important example of the old traditional
venetian carpentry. Because of some construction
peculiarities emerged during a diagnostic campaign, some technological
characteristics such as wood species, assembling marks, surface
finishings (broad axe, hand saw, machine saw) and some others were surveyed
on the trusses elements. The obtained data along with those
coming from dendrochronological analysis enabled to recognize the original
elements from those introduced later by substitutions with new timbers
or old timbers removed from the structure itself. KEY-WORD:
timber, structures, assembling marks, dendrochronology |
M. Clausi, G.M. Crisci, M.F. La
Russa, M. Malagodi, A.M. Palermo, S.A. Ruffolo S The
present work intends to illustrate problems linked
to wood conservation and protection in the case of biological attack. The experimentation regards effects produced by white and brown
rot, on White poplar (Populus alba) and Fir spruce (Picea abies), treated with
two consolidants, Paraloid B72 and Regalrez 1126, both applied individually
as well as together, with the aim of obtaining a different level of
penetration in the wood. The aim was to test whether these
products, wich are generally applied during restoration, can have biocid
actions on healthy wood, evaluating changes both on a morphological
and chemical level induced by fungus attack, analysing susceptibility to
biological colonisation and testing protective efficacy. The obtained results
for Fir spruce showed how different penetration of the two type of consolidands
favoured selective development of only one of the two rots, slowing down, but
not blocking, biological growth. On White poplar samples
both consolidants showed, over all, a good protective efficacy. KEY-WORD wood, white rot,
brown rot, consolidants, Paraloid B72, Regalrez 1126, biological growth. |
G.Genco, A. Lo
Monaco, C.Pelosi, R.Picchio,U. San La valu The aim of this work has been to test some
commercial products as consolidants of the structure of two wooden species:
poplar (Populus sp.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.). The
chosen products are acrylic, epoxy and aliphatic compounds available in
commerce and often employed for other applications. The
wooden samples have been prepared according to the UNI ISO instructions.
The wood characteristic parameters have been measured:
density, basic density, shrinkage, porosity, colour. The wooden samples have been artificial aged by means of
frost/thaw cycles. The consolidants have been
applied to the wood samples aged and not by means of under vacuum immersion.
At the end the wood characteristic parameters and the FTIR
spectra have been measured to evaluate the product effectiveness for the wood
treatment. KEY-WORD:
wood, consolidant, colour, FTIR spectrometry |
I. San U The use of garlic to
improve the adhesion on wood is a widespread practice among restorers, that
often hand down traditions not always documented. In
some books, the practice of rubbing garlic on the wood surface or squeeze the
juice directly into the glue to improve the adhesion is recommended. The aim of this work is to evaluate and quantify the eventual
improvement, if any, of the strength of glued joints due to the use of garlic
as adhesion promoter. Tests were carried out on four
species: walnut (Juglan regia sp.), poplar (Populus sp.), Alpine stone pine
(Pinus cembra L.) and rosewood (Machaerium scleroxilon Tul.). For all the species no relationship was observed between the
strengths of surfaces treated with garlic and the untreated ones. A different behaviour was evidenced when the wood percentage
failure was taken into account. KEY-WORD: garlic, bonding, protein glues,
animal glues, rosewood, walnut, poplar, cembra pine |
G. Biscontin, F.C. Izzo, C. Bini, E.Rinaldi,
N. Macchioni, B.
Pizzo, C. Capretti, G. Molon, M. Regini, A. Lionello, I. Cavaggioni, Z. Morabito Indagini preliminari sul comportamento delle fondazioni lignee a Venezia The preliminary study of the state of conservation
of Venice wooden foundations is here presented. From ancient
times, waterlogged wood has been considered to be strongly resistant, due to
the fact that the conditions are not favourable for the degradation
processes. Nevertheless, recent studies on historical
building foundations in Venice and in Amsterdam show a very different
situation, underlining the necessity of an in-depth and accurate
research. This research was supported by CORILA (Consorzio
per il coordinamento delle ricerche sul sistema lagunare di Venezia). KEY-WORD: waterlogged wood, wooden foundations, Venice, deterioration,
bacteria, CORILA. |
G. Biscontin, M. Benedetti, U. Dainese, G.
Driussi, Z.
Morabito, M. Tonon Una metodologia di indagine per la
valutazione sul consolidamento del legno proposta
di una metodologia di indagine e valutazione dell’efficacia di trattamenti
consolidanti per il legno. In particolare si approfondisce il problema del
trattamento nel caso di elementi lignei non
portanti. L’aspetto delicato è rappresentato dal processo decisionale sulla
base dei risultati ottenuti in laboratorio. KEY-WORD: consolidamento, legno,
efficacia, processo decisionale |
O. Allegre A Because of the
particular behaviour of wood caused by thermo-hygrometric conditions, the
monitoring of Wooden Cultural Heritage objects reactions
in their exhibiting environment is very important in order to improve their
conservation and to protect them by this potential physical-mechanical
degradation agent. Due to the specificity of each
artwork, both from the structural point of view and from its previous
microclimatic history (for its largest part totally unknown), the analysis of
the artefacts response to short- and long-term
variations can give useful information about the “individual” sensitivity to
the exhibiting microclimate, suggesting to the people encharged of
conservation to adopt more or less rigid interventions. The IVALSA-CNR, in
its San Michele all'Adige branch, in autonomy or cooperating with other
research Institutions, is carrying on for many years
may monitoring case-studies, at different depth levels, on artefacts under
the care of the Provincia Autonoma di Trento and in other exhibiting sites. In some
case-studies the monitoring is limited, for longer or shorter periods, to the
air Temperature and Relative Humidity logging, useful to
verify if extreme conditions for values and type of variations occur. In some other cases
it has been possible to couple the deformative monitoring to the
microclimatic logging; it gives quantitative information
directly related to the microclimate, useful to be eventually used for the
validation of mathematical models that, after a correct implementation, will
permit a provisional analysis of the long-term behaviour of the objects. This paper deals
with some case-studies, like the S. Maria Antica church in Madonna di
Campiglio, where is exhibited the most ancient Trentino
flügelaltar, suffering for colour falls because – we think – of non
compatible climatic conditions produced by the severe variations induced by
the combination of floor heating and the mountain-continental climate; or
like the panel painting on restoration Le figlie dell'imperatore, by J. Seisenegger, where the hygrometric solicitations of the planks
provoked many problems to the painted layer. On the logged data
it is possible to make statistical analysis aiming to define the microclimate
variance, obtaining a very efficient schematization
of the higher or minor stability of the climate according to the presumed
higher or lower sensitivity of the artifact under monitoring. Keywords: microclimate, relative
humidity, hygroscopic behaviour, wood, cultural
heritage. |
J. Bernardo Da Silva Analisi non dis Projects of restorations need efficient
diagnosis to present good results in stopping the causes of degeneration, and
in preserving the architeturals woks to the new generations. This research
analyses the house called «Grochocki»
situated at the Murici Colony, near Curitiba, built by roof timber, trunk and
board, with the brazilian wood called Araucaria angustifolia. The « logs home » is a remanent of the traditional polish
colonization and the local architectural wood construction of Paraná. This study presents a non-destructive analysis with the Stress
wave timer equipment. One category of deterioration
was created and good results in evaluation of the wooden historical patrimony
were found. KEY-WORDS:
Logs home, Analysis Non-Destructive, Wooden
Architectural Patrimony. |
S, Val Conoscenza per il res The Cogliandro’s silk mill in the
locality of Cannitello in Villa San Giovanni belongs to a system of
manufactory sites for the production and weaving of silk, developed in the
area of Reggio Calabria, in ways no moreartisan,during
the second half of the nineteenth century, giving rise to a
industrial-manufacturing architecture, which during the post-earthquake
reconstruction in 1908 assumed the character of strong peculiarities. The object of this article concerns the shed for spinning,
realized with a particular constructive technology: the “baraccamento”.
This is a building technology known in Calabria from the
sixteenth century, used after the earthquake of 1783 and widely used in the
reconstruction of Calabrian cities after the earthquake of 1908. The experimental experience has been
to establish a protocol for testing equipment suspects in situ (thermography,
pacometric tester, ultrasonic tester and resistograph) which had the dual
function of give informations about the technical construction system used,
not directly inspected in every detali, and to give directions about diseases
and state of conservation of timber, producing a set of useful informations to the
definition phase of the project within the plan of conservation. KEY-WORD: silk
mill, casa baraccata, conservation, Cannitello di Villa San Giovanni,
thermography, pacometric tester, ultrasonic tester, resistograph,
wood boring insect. |
S. Cacciola ,
A. Kweder G. Romano La Sacres Wood, archetypal building material, has
always urged the creativity of all artists by means of its many sided
features.
Wood manufacture turns natural raw substance into finished components.
This specific deed implies a refined and detailed
intellectual procedure, the plan. During the
executive phases the manufacturing process supports the plan, the
artisan/artist and his technical knowledge, producing sometimes rare
pieces or unique examples. According to this point of view, we can
consider the Sacrestia of Messina Cathedral (1930-1934) a very particular
object.
Strongly characterized by sixteenth-century composition
elements, the wooden work refers to the most bold twentieth century
avant-gardes by means of many significant reveals. The strong points of the work are the
accurate plan and the refined execution. The study of
original documentary sources and the direct inspection of the manufactured
good mean to discover and transmit information on stuffs and
techniques aiming to reassess artistic knowledge get disused and neglected
trough industrial design. We also mean to analyze the
condition of the Sacrestia aiming to project a specific maintenance plan for
its conservation. KEY-WORDS:
wood, archetype, plan, avant-garde, manufacture,conservation,
maintenance. |
S. Colajanni, A. De Vecchi Cri The paper presents the result of a research
carried out at the DPCE (Dipartimento di Progetto e Costruzione Edilizia) of
the Università di Palermo. It was aimed at identifying
typical wooden span roof systems in the ancient architecture of western
Sicily. For this study, seventy constructions built
with various building techniques have been selected for their peculiarities.
The
research has paid particular attention to the components
and the functional parts of the covering which have also been compared with
the information acquired from written historical hand book. This comparison it was aimed at the individuation of the best way
to build these covering structures and the possible precautionary measures
aimed at preserving the wooden structures from the development of decay
phenomena. The work has been developed through historical
investigations, from which have information about the building component were
realized to verify trough modern theories and laboratory tests. It’s allows to evaluation the performances given from the
wooden elements both under the original conditions that different stadiums of
the decay. KEY-WORD:
Wood, Recovery, Traditional Material, Roof,
Historical Handbook. |
R. Madorno ,
M. Baldi, R. Baldi , L. de Bone S We’re
going to see what is perhaps the most famous, common and dangerous technology
in the wood microwave pest control (2,5 to 3GHz and 500 until 3500W). This article will take us to see
what maybe will be becoming the latest generation of microwave pest control
instrument, a millimetre microwave instrument based on the new
military technology with a new microwave cooled tubes. This
new technology allows to operating with very low dangers limits or also
without dangers for the human health, with more precision and at
distances between 2 to Keywords: Millimeter
microwave. Microwave tube. Raytheon. Cellulose. Lignin. Emilcellulose
Crystallization. Ultra light aeronautical composite
materials. |
E.Manzoni, A. Dusi, C. Dusi,
V. Calzoni La scheda This paper reports on an iterative procedure
developed by the authors that allows to evaluate the performance of existing
timber structure in the rehabilitation design phase. The
proposed methodology also permits an easy follow up in the execution phase
and, if needed, to quickly update and modify the intervention based on
the actual condition. An exhaustive form based on the relevant UNI
cultural heritage norms is given allowing for the study of both simple and
complex timber structure. KEY-WORD:
existing timber frame, performance evaluation, iterative procedure,
classification. |
N. Edi Mon Residual durabili Timber
species are classified based on their natural
durability, which is the resistance to degradation caused by biological
agents, like wood decay fungi, insects and marine borers. Natural
durability is commonly used to predict the service life of wood commodities
in different use situations. However, little is known about how the
natural durability of a timber species might be affected depending on the
service life situation and history. In this work, the residual natural durability
of a pole of basralocus (Dicorynia guianensis) used as a mooring post for
about 40 years, has been evaluated through laboratory fungal decay tests. The results of the tests showed that the
durability class of the timber pole was still comparable with the nominal
values found in the literature for this wood species. These findings can be applied to prevent that
old structures are unnecessarily demolished and for decision making regarding
the possible reuse
of the timber or of structures featuring a good performance potential. KEY-WORD:
natural durability, decay tests, basidiomycetes fungi, service classes,
hydraulic structure, resistance behaviour. |
A. Della Pa Il colore del legno Different types of woods are investigated
from the point of view of the colour. The purpose of the
work is double, first to set up a procedure to experimental measurements of
the colour of different woods thinking to a possible data bank. The second target was a methodology to monitoring the wooden
surfaces by monitoring their possible changing of colour in the time. KEY-WORD:
Colorimetry, woods, wood facing, measure procedures. |
M. Sebas Un soffi The truss roof in the S. Maria degli Angeli
church in Caccamo (Palermo, Sicily) was released at the end of the XV century
by Giovanni Liccio. The ceiling consists of 13 trusses finely carved and painted. In order to fully
understand such a complex structure several scientific analysis were
performed, before and during the restoration intervention, starting
from 2008. The scientific investigation was carried on to
improve the knowledge of executing technique and constitutive materials of
the roof, regarding both paintings and structure. Identification
of wooden species used in the construction was performed by means of optical
microscopy, the pigment used were identified by micro Raman
spectroscopy. Furthermore the entomological and
microbiological decaying factors were identified by means of microscopic
observation and molecular microbiology methods. The restoration was carried out according to
reversibility and recognisability principles and led to a good readability of
the artcraft, respecting the original chromatic values of both paintings
and wooden elements. Key-words: truss roof restoration, carved –
painted wood, Raman spectroscopy, molecular microbiology, Sicily. |
E. Quagliarini, E. Pe La conservazione del plafone in legno del
Tea The
plafond of Filarmonici Theatre in Ascoli Piceno consists, as most theatres in
the Marches, in a “camorcanna” vault (plaster and
reed laths hanging from wooden centerings). It shows an advanced degree of
unsteadiness and it was characterized by localized yieldings of the
“camorcanna” and a substantial lowering of the main wooden frame, resulting
in fractures in intradossal plaster as well as
sinking of the mat-covered shelter and disjunction of plastery layers. By way of the examination of the plafond, it
has been possible to point out its advanced deterioration and also to specify
the interventions to be carried out during the restoration. Key
–words analysis
finalized to the restauration of theatrical plafone |
M.Romagnoli, A. Bis Inse A protocol to study the extent of xylophagous
insect attack on wood is proposed, taking into account the implications on
the physical (especially on wood water relationships) and chemical
properties. 6 wood disks of silver fir attacked by Anobidae were
investigated. The extent of degradation was estimated by visual inspection,
measuring the number of galleries respect a reference surface according to a
gradient pith-external part of each disk. A class
of degradation was established and SEM analysis was also performed. The visual analysis inner-external part of each disk has shown
how the outer specimen are usually the most damaged. As regards as
wood-water effect, the most damaged samples (class 3) tend to equilibrate at a higher equilibrium moisture content (EMC)
than the less degraded ones. This effect is more pronounced for higher
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC). Pyrolysis has shown also differences in
the peaks of phenolic components. Key
words: Cultural Heritage; Py/GC/MS; SEM; Wood; insect, wood-water, lignin. |
C. Colla, A.Benede Diagnosi di elemen Wooden
structural elements make up a relevant percentage in
historical buildings. The material itself and employed
workmanship techniques have to be protected and passed on through a careful
material preservation. In the light of recent
Italian technical regulations on constructions and of their guidelines
devoted to Cultural Heritage, non-destructive structural diagnosis, to
be carried out on site, assumes a greater role aimed at obtaining fundamental
information for a correct planning of preservation or intervention design. With regard to wood, few testing techniques are available and
suffer of limitations such as the punctual character of acquired data or the
reliability of data interpretation. There is a need
for advanced methodologies collecting data on large portions of the element
and able to offer easier data visualization and interpretation, and
quantitative knowledge of the element preservation. Sonic tomography has been applied in the lab
on a historic silver-fir beam. Signal velocity maps have
been plotted corresponding to longitudinal and transversal beam
cross-sections. The colours in the maps represent
areas with different density and mechanical properties, thus at different
decay levels. The principles of the technique and
the data acquisition design together with procedures during testing are
presented. The diagnostic results are verified
ex-post on slices cut from the beam. KEYWORDS:
NDT, structural element, wood, diagnostic, sonic, tomography, preservation,
decay. |
C. Ber Per la conservazione delle grandi coper The great timber roof structures of the
Cathedral of Vercelli offer an extraordinary path of knowledge, diagnosis and
conservation, through a collaboration between the architects of the Cultural
Heritage Office of the Diocese of Vercelli – responsible for the restoration
process – and experts in the field of timber structures. The interest of the architectural complex is
witnessed also by the contribution of renewed architects of Piedmont between
the XVIth and XIXth centuries. KEY-WORDS: timber roof,
diagnosis, survey, monumental heritage, history. |
G. Garabelli, M. Vare Prove di consolidamen In a XX cent. church in Torino ( I ) forty
years ago a small fire partially burned some of the boards of the organ.
During the restoration works it was decided to consolidate
the charred surface layer of these burnt boards. Paper
deals with the evaluation of the efficacy of the consolidation trials made
with some different consolidant compounds, easily available on the
market. KEY-WORD:
charred wood, consolidation, burned wood, carbonized wood, charcoal, wood
conservation. |
S. Barbò, C. Chesi, L. Jurina Una possibile modali Roof
and slab structures in the Italian tradition make commonly use of timber
elements; the conservation of this typology also in common
residential buildings is nowadays perceived as a value, and strengthening of
existing structures is preferred, when possible, to substitution with new
elements and materials, not belonging to the tradition. In this study the use of
steel elements as reinforcement of timber beams is addressed; through a
detailed analysis of the literature, it is shown that this technique
belongs to tradition, and may provide an effective way to increasing both
strength and resistance. Through the experimental testing of a timber beam specimen
coming from an old building, a reinforcing technique has been analyzed and
the effect of the design parameters is
discussed. KEY-WORDS:
timber, beam, steel, cable, slab, reinforcing. |
L. Quar Il res The
large wooden model in the Duomo's Museum of Milan, known as the ‘modellone’,
reproduces the city cathedral in scale KEY-WORD:
glass fiber screws, modellone, laser tecnology, dismantling, rebuilding,
cleaning. |
S. Mazzeo, C. Genovese Il soffi reconstructive history of the wooden
ceiling of Messina cathedral, which was destroyed by the earth quake in 1908.
The ceiling was reconstructed in reinforced-concrete covered in painted wood.
The first part of the essay states the hypotheses about the
constructional features and the technique used to assemble the wooden
elements of this complex structure. These hypotheses
are based on unpublished collation between Morey and Violletle-Duc drawings.
These are now the only traces left of the original painted wooden
ceiling. The second part of the essay is devoted to
the path followed in the reconstruction of the ceiling made by the
superintendent Valenti who firstly supervised the reconstruction of
the cathedral in 1908 when it collapsed during the earthquake. Later Valenti was involved in the second reconstruction of the
cathedral after the bombing in 1943, when it was completely destroyed.
The drawings of reconstruction representing where and how
the cathedral was, reveal several interesting constructional details of the
new covering made of reinforced-concrete covered in wood. In this method of reconstruction, like others of that time, wood
was used only as a covering material, since it was considered structurally unreliable. KEY-WORDS: Painted wooden ceiling, Messina
cathedral, survey, P. Morey and E. Viollet-le-Duc, post war reconstruction,
Francesco Valenti. |
A. Bellini ,
M. Si Il “cascine Cascinetto is the nickname
used for a rural architecture situated close to Bergamo, straight to the main
way to reach and pass through the town and its nearby. Despite the
word generally used to indicate the building, it’s
history reveal the tracks of a long tale related with the aristocratic family
– named Moroni and titled counts - whose properties are recognized both in
Bergamo and in Stezzano - where the Cascinetto is located too - up to the
XVII century. So that, despite the simplicity of its architecture, the Cascinetto has the capacity to translate into the
language of architecture the richness of its history. The project - dated from 2005 to 2009 - was
required to re-use this historical building for public purposes. Architects
tried to reach the required purpose also preserving to the building the
variety of its meanings, recognized or to be recognized yet. Especially with the conservation of the ancient wooden roof -
reached with a tiny industry of repairs and seams, integrations and
addictions – they declined renovation and restoration. Key-words:
Bergamo, Stezzano, Cascinetto, Cascina Moroni, re-use, conservation,
wood-warping, roof. |
C. Ber La conservazione e Restoration of seventeenth – century
sculptures in Val di Susa territory near Torino was done after an historical
research and technical study of the contest and the territory. The
informations about
the biocide methods were decisive for planning the restoration work, in order
to insure a long lasting for of the treated object. KEY-WORD:
wooden sculptures – Val di Susa - biocide – anossia. |
L.Barban I solai lignei di Villa Mylius: una scel The Villa Mylius in Sesto San Giovanni
(Milan) of eighteenth-century origin underwent many transformations over the
centuries, both typological and of use destination. Its floors are mainly realized with wooden structures as the
architectural structural tradition required. During
the phases of diagnostic survey, preliminary to the structural working, it
has been discovered that a floor, hidden at the intrados by a
nineteenth-century false ceiling, was made of painted joists and of a finely
decorated wooden flooring. The project choice led to the
transposition from floor to ceiling of the decorated floor, by means of
dismantling all the parts and hanging them on a steel frame hooked to
the existing brick-cement ceiling, resulting from a previous never ended
working which had left the room without a finished ceiling. KEY-WORDS: conservation, diagnostics,
decorated wooden floor, structural reinforcement, hanging structure, use
compatibility |
E.E. Barbero S The largest part of the structures and the
decorations of the Royal Palace in Turin are in wood. It
has been one of the main construction materials for a long time. Thus
it allowed the realization of different elements thanks to its versatility:
from the seventeenth-century coffered ceilings, with their golden
decorations, to the partitions built to divide greater environments in
smaller precious rooms during the XVIII, to truss similar to the lamellars
already realized in the first half of XIX century. The
restauration and the maintenance of wood are daily faced in the residence,
trying to follow the traditional methodologies of intervention used at
the same period of their realization and then applied in the subsequent
maintenance. Then we have proceeded to simple polishing
with light solvents both on lacquered and gilded surfaces and on those in
natural wood, protecting them with waxes of bees or with wick paintings.
This kind of methodology has also been followed for
interventions on less precious furniture, as well on those of the kitchens.
On the latter we have wanted to keep the wearing effect of
time, as the marks of the knives and effect on the working surfaces, in order
to remember the real-life. The same methodology has
been applied on the masterpieces of great cabinetmakers as Pietro Piffetti,
on which we have proceeded with simple interventions of polishing and
consolidation. KEY
– WORD versatility – structure - decorum – magnificence – maintenance –
tradition – real-life |
L.P. Bellocchio, A. Bellocchio, L. Di Bella I soffi The unit of Villa Scheibler in Milan, built
on the XVIIth- XVIIIth century, with older pre-existents that go back to
Ludovico il Moro property, has on its inside, in the west wing,
wooden ceilings decorated in the intrados with flower patterns. After the
restorations commissioned by Milan Municipal district on 2007, these valuable
proofs of a local building technique have been strengthen and restored (see
different villas in the Milan area) The floors have been strengthen with a mixed
technique of wood/concrete and metal connecters, the wooden painted surfaces
have been appropriately restored. The ceilings without
decorations have been restored and protected, some with virgin bees-wax,
others with final Bologna plaster finishing. KEY-WORD:
wooden decorated ceilings, XVIth-XVIIth century decorations |
G.Cas L. Jurina La carpen According
to the historian Giuseppe Silos in his "1666 Historiae Clericorum
Regularium", the Theatiunes' church of San
Nicolò at the Arena is considered one of Verona's most significant episodes
of sacred architecture, both for its "mole amplissima" and for the
"magneficenza". Its complex structural carpentry
cover is characterized by an unusual system of metallic chains put in place
already during the construction along with the imposing Palladian
wooden trusses, typical of the Venetian tradition. The careful survey and functional
understanding of the complex structural carpentry cover - never
scientifically investigated until now - has proved to be
essential for the proper interpretation of the construction phases as well as
for the degradation and transformation of the entire church. This is an exemplary case in which the understanding of the
constructive wisdom exercised by 17th century masons and carpenters, together
with an extensive diagnostics campaign, has made it possible to
measure the structural preservation project and its implementation very
carefully. KEY-WORDS:
wooden structures, Palladian trusses, extrados chain. |
R. Fabbri, L. Bissi, L. Marquard Le imbarcazioni s The Italian naval tradition produced crafts
of particular historical and technological importance. A
lot of studies thought back the stages in the progress of structural
development and the traditions connected to these transports; still little
has been done to give these wooden boats an adequate conservative
intervention programme which would allow to preserve, as much as possible,
the features time has carved into them, without making them useless and
forcing them into a museum. KEY-WORDS:
wooden crafts, conservation, restoration, navigation |
H. Fallahdar,Z,
Moradi, A. Salehi Res In the region of Caspian Sea Before applying
materials such as iron, brick and ceramics in civil structures, wood was one
of the main ancient materials available. Using this
material has been common due to easy accessibility, light weight, resistance
against pressure, tension and shear stress, simple and easy
connections, in assembling. By such characteristics would
cause wood to be classified among other materials which are used in buildings
and constructions. Due to the existence of vast resources of
wood on territory beyond Caspian Sea, using this material is abundant. The local
architecture of this evergreen region represents the skillful application of
wood in buildings during the historical eras in a
proper way. The purpose of this study is to examine the
type of architecture introducing such kind of values which has almost been
forgotten on the pretext of using modern materials and sophisticated
technology. This has endangered it, most of the materials imported in this
region are less suitable for the climate and weather
conditions in the region. In these parts because of the basic materials
used in the desertic architecture propered are based on cotto and mud-bricks
order, it has never been taken into valorization. In the recent years,
concerning the study of the territory, museum of Gilan, is regarded as a fundamental conservative action. |
M. Dezzi Bardeschi, G. Guarisco, G.
Beca L’in The wooden-beam floors of the sixteenth
century ex Church of St Ambrogio in Cantù (CO), located in small buildings
inside the main one, have been the object of a strongly opposed
conservation, because they were not considered suitable for the future museum
use. After having identified the main points and the
pathologies of degradation and after having worked on the materials in place,
loading tests were performed that determined the static compatibility
with the planned museum use. As a warranty for the static
behavior of the floors two innovative consolidation systems have been
designed and implemented, consisting in wing reinforcements made in
plexiglass. KEYWORD
Wooden-beam, conservation, material test,
consolidation system |
M. Mon La conservazione degli impalca In seismic-prone areas, the technical
experience of a culture tested a large number of structural systems to
prevent injuries from earthquakes and, according to its knowledge, improve
building techniques. In masonry buildings, wooden
structures, due to the lightness of material and the ductility of
connections, attest to be more efficient than other systems. This is one of the reason to improve an up-dated approach to
timber building systems, paying the proper attention to load bearing
structure, remembering the responsibility of structural mechanism
efficiency in architectural heritage maintenance. In the
present paper, a case study yard involved in proper conservation of wooden
structures and their aesthetical coat (i.e. incartate), solved with
non-invasive and traditional techniques, is briefly presented. KEY-WORD:
timber structures, wooden beams, chiancarelle, incartate. |
F.Lione Effe Starting from the analysis
of the biological degradation of the statue of “Malladrone” in the church of
S. Francesco d’Assisi in Gallipoli, a study on the use of new
synthetic resins for preserving/consolidating wooden works of art has been
carried out. The effect of the new product on the flexural
properties, toughness, hardness and natural durability has been assessed on
both worm eaten and not worm eaten walnut wood. The reason for such work arises from the
necessity to deepen the knowledge of the mechanical behaviour of wood treated
with new organic products in order to apply it to a better preservation of
cultural heritage. KEY-WORD:
wooden works of art, toughness, bending strength, hardness, natural durability. |
M. Mon La rein Generally, conservation aspects of wood
shaped artefacts are very complex and raise questions of complex solution;
this study highlights, as well, some points of methodological interest
that may take into meaning beyond the specific case. The
ancon complexity lies in the fact that wood not only supports polychrome
layers, but with its carved shape contributes to figurative composition
expression; consequently, the recognition of links between the role played
and the constructive design, from morphological, geometrical and material
point of view, has identified the guidelines for the conservation process. Thus, once considered the deterioration causes and arranged the
system of effective connections in the building, it was settled the ongoing working
framework, as a critical act not only directed to polychromy recognition, but
also to reveal the articulation of parts in relief. KEY-WORD:
altar, ancon, polychrome artefacts, wood shaped artefacts. |
D. Foppoli, A. Paneroni, A. Pianazza
Esempi di res In the following paper are described
strenghtening techniques on the wooden structures of two historical buildings
placed on the northern part of Lombardy. A proper
initial diagnostical activity have provided the parameters suitable for
developing a statical analysis and for designing the reinforcement
works based on compatible, recognizable and reversible techniques. The chase of study of the strenghtening of wooden floor of
Palazzo Besta in Teglio shall emphasize that a proper diagnostical analysis
is necessary for a correct design and the chase of study of
reinforcement of wooden roof of San Pietro in Lamosa monastery in Provaglio
d’Iseo shall emphasize that a proper design for executing is necessary to
improving the on site works. KEY-WORD:
wooden structures, on site inspection, reinforcement techniques |
E.Del Federico,F.De
Vi Rocca Rangoni (Mo), soffi L’occasione:
una dimora, rocca Rangoni, di impianto medievale,
abitata sempre dalla stessa famiglia dominante, tra le più antiche e
prestigiose dell’area emiliana, dal XVIII secolo ha sostanzialmente mantenuto
il suo impianto e non ha di fatto subito più alcun intervento significativo.
La Rocca , acquistata nel 2005 dal Comune,
unitamente ad un parco di La
possibilità: uno studio congiunto tra esperti di diverse facoltà (Politecnico
di Milano, Università di Modena, Università di
Ferrara, Università di Bologna…) e la volontà da parte del Comune di un
recupero del complesso1 con la partecipazione di diverse istituzioni
(Soprintendenza per il Patrimonio storico, Artistico ed Etnoantropologico per
le provincie di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Soprintendenza per i Beni
Archeologici dell’Emilia Romagna, Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici e
per il Paesaggio per le Provincie di Bologna, Modena e Reggio Emilia)
permette di avere a disposizione una mole considerevole di dati riguardo allo
stato di fatto2. L’interesse specifico: sono presenti all’interno del complesso strutture lignee di essenze varie (pioppo,
abete rosso, abete bianco, quercia…), lavorate in diverso modo con strumenti differenti
(ascia, pialla, sega a mano, sega a nastro…). L’interesse non è dovuto, però, solo alla molteplicità delle essenze ad
esse sovrapposte (decorazioni a tempera, dorature, sovrapposizioni di
decorazioni su carta…). Nello specifico, con la volontà di favorire sinergie
tra enti pubblici, si sta approntando una sorta di cantiere-scuola per il
restauro di un ambiente con soffitto ligneo, decorato con pitture su legno e
su carta, posto al piano nobile del corpo settentrionale della Rocca.
Infiltrazioni d’acqua nel tempo hanno provocato alterazioni e degradi . Allo stato attuale si stanno soppesando diverse alternative di restauro: la valutazione di possibili
varianti oltreché un passaggio ineludibile dell’iter progettuale, diventa
così, se opportunamente coordinata e gestita, anche un momento di ricerca. KEY-WORD:
soffitto ligneo, cassettoni, decorazioni, imprimitura, supporti cartacei,
degrado, restauro. |
B.G. La “Il legno: lai One of the main protagonist of Monza’s Villa
Reale is with no doubt wood. Natural or carved it
represents the guideline in the history of the royal residence construction
and decoration: from the big oak beam ceiling to the attics and the
floors. And from the boiseries, that in some cases cover
walls room completely, to the precious inlaid game tables made by Giuseppe
Maggiolini. Restoration works done during this years as
well as the ones in progress represents the occasion to deepen historical and
technical/constructive knowledge of every single element, even through
investigations and accurate studies or survey. This article wants to make an excursus on
investigations, summarizing as the research on construction techniques as
works done on nineteenth century wooden floor. KEY-WORD:
Monza’s Villa Reale- nineteenth century wooden floor |
M. Saeli In The
presence of termites is one of the most frequent and troublesome causes of
deterioration to the wooden parts of
historical and artistic building. The presence of termites cannot
easily be detected as they build
hidden tunnel to facilitate undisturbed movement from their nest to the
wooden structure that they infest, making treatment harder. In this work we
are going to discuss the presence of two species of termites in a XVI C. villa in the suburbs of the city of Palermo,
Villa Naselli di Gela Ambleri, where termites have infested some wooden
window frames, built at the beginning of the last century. Particularly,
we are going to look at the damage caused and the way the problem was
resolved. The choice of the intervention techniques
will be examined along with the financial implications to the private owner
of this historical complex. The intervention used tried to mediate
between the technical requirements of termite prevention / control and the financial
commitment faced. KEY-WORD:
insects, cultural heritage, termites, historical
buildings, wooden structures |
G. Signani ,
G. S “Conservazione, consolidamen Restoration works for public opening of
Montechiarugolo Castle walkways led to a safe arrangement of masonry
structures and connections of their complex link net, moreover urging wooden
roof structures restoration too, in spite of their relevant worn out and
remarkable dimensions. Present first operational stage to
be submitted, took into account North and South branches since they resulted
those into the major collapse risk by settlement and degradation
experiences. Traditional materials and technologies –
compatible with ancient timber structures- were applied to old structural
member preservation, to static restoration and for earthquake capacity
improvement. Works resulted in a positive structural
performance in quake event who hit Parma shire on December 23rd 2008 thus
demonstrating as some traditional technological procedures and compatible
methods, together with contemporary mechanical knowledge of ancient
structures behavior, do lead to high efficiency results, mostly in quake
events. KEY-WORD: Parma, Montechiarugolo Castle,
traditional technological, compatible methods, static restoration, wooden
roof structures restoration. |
R.Bulgarelli, P.Gianuzzo,
A.Bergamasco, A.Rango, M.Piozzi Conoscere per decidere. Il res Restoration of eighteenth-century wooden
floor located in the king bedroom of Palazzo Chiablese in Turin was done just
after an historical research and technical-scientific study. It transpired that the kind of wood used in the damaged parts was
apple-tree. This information was decisive for
planning our restoration work in order to join need of curing and functional
reinstatement in respect of “instructions” of who has conceived the
floor in 1756, creating chromatic effect due to different kind of wood,
apple-tree and walnut. KEY-WORD Chiablese Palace
– King bedroom – Apple-tree – Wooden floor - |
G. Me In For
the repair of ancient wooden floors, the employment of steel plates glued by
epoxy-adhesive is a non-invasive technique which appears appropriate
for the restoration of precious wooden beams. The proposed technique was used
to repair an ancient beam in a wooden floor of the
XV century in Palazzo Calini (Brescia). The beam was repaired by the use of twin steel plates glued on one side of
longitudinal grooves in order to avoid the dangerous effects of wood cyclic
change of volume due to the moisture variation: restraints on both sides of
the steel plates would produce alternative compression and tension stresses
which could cause the splitting failure of the glued surface. This technique requires particular attention because it is
sensitive to the delamination of the glued reinforcement due to the stress
concentration which occurs at the end of the repairing element. This phenomenon was studied experimentally with the Moiré
interferometry analysis on a larch beam with a flexural crack at the midspan
and reinforced with two glued steel plates. KEY-WORD:Rehabilitation, timber beams, delamination, strengthening |
M.M. Cherido, S. Boel, E. Ghi Casse The spacious sixteenth-century room adjoining
Palazzo Liviano, once part of the ancient Palazzo del Capitano, has preserved
within its walls
a precious coffered wood polychrome ceiling which has recently undergone
restoration (1999-2001). The lavish decorative work, made of octagonal
coffers, rectangular tiles portraying masks with floral decorations and
panels depicting faces, outlined by braided and beveled frames, presented
evident signs of deterioration with traces of past interventions and
repainting. The use of wide length beams and boarding led
to the formation of fissures and warping with numerous and evident
disarrangements which made the dismantling and the reassembly of the
paneling necessary during the work of restoration. KEY
WORD: Palazzo Livano, ceiling, coffered, polychrome
wood I |
M. Omodei, V. Ghezzi, L.Sala,
B.Scala Il soffi The restauration of the wooden ceiling, of
the House of the Podesta in Lonato completed by the architect Tagliaferri,
reenters in those works of completion the environments in the ancient house of
the Governor Veneto. The wooden ceiling originated from the
union by ceilings different and integrated in the lacking parts it has been
object in KEY-WORD:
Lonato, Casa del Podestà, soffitto ligneo, |
V.Ghezzi, M.G. Mori, L. Sala, B. Scala Le “macchine” del Triduo. Ques The contribution takes into consideration the
"macchine" of the triduum, the spectacular wooden and papier-mâché
scenic architectures prepared on the occasion of the three days of
prayers offered for the souls of the dead, a rite introduced in the Catholic
liturgy in the Counter-Reformation age. This rite was often
celebrated by the middle of the carnival as a Christian antithesis to the
profane festivities in this period of the year. The
apparatus is an articulated and complex frame, whose abandonment with the
consequent loss or transformation of plenty of its pieces, is due to
several problems of preservation and restoration of its particular
constituent parts often spoiled by use or damaged by the frequent fires of
the wooden parts in contact with the flames of the candles. The work examines
some artefacts within the area of Brescia (where the tradition of the triduum
had a great diffusion from the early 18th century) and proposes their census
and their detailed reading to favour their restoration and increase their
value, as they are devotions proofs that summarize ancient traditions and
represent documents of great historical and artistic importance KEY-WORD:
restoration, ephemeral apparatuses, wooden architectures,
"macchine" of the Triduum. |
L. Fozza Archeologia del legno: problema KEY-WORD: archaeology, dendrochronology,
ecology, marine invertebrates, maritime archaeology, prehistoric economy,
shipworm, submerged timber, underwater archaeology, Venice,
wood-boring mollusks, woods conservation. |
C.Capre Il ri Paper
describes the finding of wooden artefacts completely covered by ivory lamina,
within the excavations of “Villa dei Papiri” in Herculaneum. The problems relevant to the micro-excavation, to the first
recovery and to the choice of the consolidation methodology of waterlogged
composite artefacts are explained. KEY-WORD:
waterlogged archaeological wood, waterlogged ivory. |
G. Giachi, N. Macchioni,
P.Pallecchi, B. Pizzo, C.Capre Un nuovo passo nella diagnos Recently,
at the site of the Ancient ships of Pisa, the characterisation of the wood of
the so called Ship A (dated back to the end of II -
beginning of the III cent. A.D.) was performed and concluded. The micro-morphological evaluation together with the chemical and
physical analyses evidenced that the wood decay was mainly due to biological
attack, which is usually what takes place in waterlogged conditions. This
attack caused a severe depletion of the polysaccharidic components
(holocellulose residue up to 20%) and, consequently, a loss of basic density
(residual Db of about 30%) and a large increase of water content (MWC
generally above 450%) inside the wood. Moreover, a large
amount of ashes, about 10%, was found, in which the iron content, accompanied
by calcium sulphate -differently hydrate- goes up to 60% and
constitutes an important condition in conservation choices. KEY-WORD: waterlogged archaeological wood,
wood analysis, shipwrecks, Cantiere delle navi antiche di Pisa. |
S. Bugani, S. Cagno, P. Cloe Valu In waterlogged conditions characterised by
low oxygen content, archaeological wooden artefacts can survive until now
even if wood is often deeply degraded. The loss of polysaccharidic components (cellulose and hemicelluloses), with the
subsequent increase of porosity and of water content, is the main effect of
wood degradation. Usually, the conservation treatments of
such a material involve the replacement of water with impregnating substances
which, filling the cavities, prevent collapses and stresses during
drying. The effectiveness of the treatments strongly
depends on the chemical and physical behaviours of those substances and,
moreover, on their degree of cavities-filling, penetration depth, and
way of deposition into wood structure. The evidence of some
impregnating materials in waterlogged archaeological wood samples (pine and
elm) was investigated by synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography
(SR-μCT). Experiments were performed at the ID 19
Beamline of European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble
(France). KEY-WORDS: Synchrotron Radiation, X-ray
microtomography, waterlogged archaeological wood, conservation treatment,
pine, elm, impregnation, SR-mCT. |
C. Capre Ri The study of archaeological wood using
microscopic techniques is the preliminary phase to establish the state of
preservation of wooden findings. First of all,
it allows to determine the wooden species which constitutes the findings and,
therefore, to compare the actual characteristics of the identified wood with
those of the fresh one, thus to highlight its decay (grade of decay).
Moreover, by the observation of the cell walls
micro-morphology, it allows to identify the agents of biological attack
(fungi or bacteria) and to point out the depth of their spreading into the
wood (depth of decay).The aim of this work is to show the
potentiality of microscopic techniques by showing several study-cases
regarding archaeological woods coming from some Italian excavations,
and which are different with regards to species, time and environment of
burial and state of preservation. KEY-WORDS: optical microscopy, electronic
microscopy, archaeological wood, decay, wooden species identification, wood
anatomy, micro-morphological analysis. |
G. Ghini, G. Guarisco, N. Lombardini
La conservazione dei legni degli scafi delle navi di Nemi: me The conservation of the historical Caligula
wooden ships, in the lake of Nemi, is an interesting example of restoration,
not only for the Italian culture, but for the international one, in the
first thirty years of the Twentieth Century. This
occurrence represents the collaboration between the state conservation office
and the private industry when the organization of the scientific
conservation institutes were organizing themselves in the absence of a
methodological procedure. The event, directed by Corrado
Ricci for the Italian Government and Guido Ucelli for the Officine Meccaniche
Riva, a private industry in Milan, is very important, from an
archaeological point of view, and the first one from which started scientific
research for the conservation of the wood of the cultural heritage,
recognizing the historical, and not only antiquarian, value of the material
of the ancient object. Key-words:
cultural heritage, wood, conservation, history of
conservation. |
M. P. Colombini, J.J. Lucejko, F.
Modugno, E. Ribechini Cara Analytical pyrolysis -gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), was used to characterise waterlogged archaeological
wood and to study degradation patterns of wood in aqueous environments. The technique was applied to samples from the excavation of the
Site of the Ancient Ships of Pisa San Rossore in Pisa (Italy). The data were compared to those relative to native sound wood of
the same species (pine, elm, beech). Analytical
pyrolysis results valuable in the analysis of ancient wood artefacts,
avoiding the long wet-chemical procedures that are commonly used in
wood analysis, and allowing the use of minimal sample size. GC/MS permits detailed molecular analysis of pyrolysis compounds
and highlights some chemical modifications of lignin in archaeological samples,
as demethylation of lignin units both guaiacyl and syringyl monomers. KEY-WORDS: pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry, archaeological wood; lignin; carbohydrates |
P. Palma, N. Macchioni, B.Pizzo,
C.Capretti, L.
Fioren Approccio scien The rapid decay of a ship after the sinking
is a process that can be on going unless anoxic conditions are put in place
on the site to impede biological organisms as well as other physical and
chemical processes, from attacking the wood provision available. Monitoring the degradation/preservation of archaeological wood is
a fundamental step, which allows taking informative decisions on the management
of the site. By monitoring how the wood reacts to all
environmental processes, its cell collapse or decay, by understanding how
fast is degrading and by which processes, by putting in place a
thorough diagnosis on the archaeological wood, the right protective method or
protection/preservation system can be chosen as a result. KEY-WORDS:
reburial, Teredo navalis, Lyrodus pedicellatus, in situ preservation, diagnosis. |
E.Amendola ,
R.Miranda, M.De Angiole I legni archeologici di Ercolano consolida Consolidation of
archaeological charred and/or mineralised wood involves both the correct
excavation operations, initial protection and preservation, and the
subsequent display. The aim of this study is to identify a
system based on synthetic polymers and suitable for impregnation of charred
materials. An epoxy resin supplied by Elantas
Camattini S.p.A. has been used for this application. The resin penetrates what remains of parenchymatical canals,
especially in the lignin body. The proposed method
can be used as first application, starting the restoration of artefacts
directly after field excavation. KEY-WORD:
Legni archeologici, Restauro, Beni Culturali, Resine epossidiche, polimeri. |
F. Galussio, G. Gelardi, F. Le S The intervention of restauration of the building, that was the residence of Ercole
Branciforte, prince of Scordia, has to contemplate the transformations that
had concealed the native configuration of some saloons. The removal of a series of partitions and
secondary roof has allowed to refund the eighteenth-century incannucciata’s
vault, painted by Gaspare Serenario
and framed by plasters that well they represent the aristocratic ostentation
of the local nobility in the Age of Enlightenment. An advanced
degradation state of the wooden warping, realized
according to the local tradition, it was due to infiltrations of waters rain
and to heavies "cuts" of portions of the vault. The
conservative restauration has been performed aiming to return, through leasts
and located interventions, to the native behavior of the vaulted structure in
his different components, setting an functional
specific system that has seen the employment of composite materials able to
recreate the lost continuity. KEY-WORD: incannucciata’s vault, great span,
support of decorative apparats, composite material, least intervention,
polypropylene’s rope. |
Strutture invisibili e prescrizioni sconosciute per i vecchi
manufatti edili di legno The small quantity
of visible wood in an ancient building shows even in Piedmont the wealth of
its past owners: in present restoration projects
it is therefore necessary to perform a preliminary search in order to find
out invisible wooden artefacts which might have been carefully hidden
throughout the years. Even in Piedmont, the craftsmen who
were charged of creating said wooden artefacts possessed various skill.
Even in Piedmont, the architects responsible for projects
of building in the past were used to writing, in their contract forms, the
way they desired the above wooden artefacts to look like and to draw
designs thereof but not to provide for their structural details. If the idea
that wooden artefacts are non datable, at least in
the frame of ages or centuries, is unacceptable, in present philological
restoration projects are therefore indispensable, together with
dendrochronology and the analysis of stylistic and compositional aspects,
abaci of original historical models of wooden artefacts created in the
specific cultural regions under examination.
Key- words: hidden
timber works for the building framings in the old Piedmont; the different
specialisations of the windows and doors craftsmen; the standard thickness of
the timber bites in Piedmont was (and is) cm 4,3 (“un’oncia”); the old wood
framing images design; for a wood framing dating; dendrochronology of wood
framing bites; abaci of antique wood framing details; different geographical
spheres of the wood framing cultures; in the old buildings numerous timber
bites are not in sight. |
L. Mancuso Prizzi Lo s La
ricerca si propone di descrivere la natura e la geometria del solaio,del controsoffitto e della balaustra che formano la
“cantoria “ della chiesa di San Francesco a Milazzo. La struttura presenta
nel complesso delle anomalie e delle incongruenze, almeno all’apparenza,
quali la assenza di vere e proprie centine associate
nel connubio controsoffitto in canna e gesso e solaio ligneo. Si vogliono
ricercare le motivazioni che stanno alla base della scelta che presiede
quellarealizzazione e le implicazioni nel progetto di restauro. KEY-WORD:
Milazzo, Santuario, Scipio Manni, Canna e Gesso, Solaio ligneo. |
S.A. Alber L’uso della vol Lo studio
affronta il tema della evoluzione nell’uso delle
volte in canna e gesso denominate anche volte finte a partire dalla
ricostruzione del Val di Noto successiva al terremoto del 1693 sino agli
eventi sismici che hanno caratterizzato il XIX secolo. KEY-WORD : Legno, canna, canapa, gesso, chiodi, Noto,
Gagliardi, Gugliara, Niscemi. Catania. |
TRAVI COMPOSTE NEI SOLAI FERRARESI - Ingegno cos R. Fabbri - Prime iden R. Fabbri, N. Macchioni, V. Balboni - Cara F. Bevilacqua, C. Di Francesco, R.
Fabbri, V. Balboni - Un solaio di C. Di Francesco, S. Ciliani, D. La - Le A. Marino, C. Di Francesco, S.
Ciliani - Abaco delle V.Balboni, R. Fabbri A series of
literary contributions allow us to provide an overview on the topic of the wooden composite beams, in the
architecture of the Renaissance era in Ferrara. The strong technological
development from the year 1440 until the early 16th century is described in
its relationship with the architectural renewal made possible by this new
construction technique as further examinations are offered regarding the
mapping of wood species (palazzo Turchi), the
decorative aspects, and the existence
of some composite beams referable to former configurations of palazzo
Schifa-noia and palazzo Nigrelli. Synthesis tables allow
the comparison of many different kinds of composite beams and floor which can
be found in Ferrara. KEY-WORDS:
Ferrara, wooden floor, composite beams, historical construction techniques |
LE STRUTTURE LIGNEE DELL’ARSENALE DI VENEZIA. STUDI E RESTAURI A. Adami, C. Balle The Venice Arsenal, is an extraordinary subject of study
of constructive techniques and of experimentation in the development of
restoration
methods. The wooden covering systems in particular document almost 700 years
of building technology, strictly linked to the
shipbuilding’s development. Since 1983 the Superintendency
has been working and investing many resources on a program of study of the
Arsenal, concentrating above all on the roof’s structures. An important occasion of testing the results of our study has
been given by the restoration works on the wooden structures of the “tesa” of
the “Isolotto”, built in the 14th century. This is
the oldest structure of the whole building, and still maintain the original
constructive characteristics. This writing is a
brief summary of the restoration works carried out on the trusses of the
Isolotto and of the relative study to develop a model in the
preservation, diagnostics and individuation of the wooden structures. The work also illustrates the level of knowledge of the
constructive characteristics of the trusses in the whole Arsenal, the
dendrochronologic studies carried out in the last 20 years and the
first results of a research aimed at understanding the static-structural
behaviour of the covering system. KEY-WORD
Arsenal, Trusses, Isolotto, Dendrochronology, Laser scanning, Roof, Wooden
structures |